Principal Todd Mack writes, “In the nonresidential building world, mechanical engineering systems are evolving to more efficient and innovative solutions. Multiple HVAC options exist when considering the type of central boiler plant. The final design choice depends on the requirements of the specific installation. For applications involving only space heating and domestic water heating, a low-temperature water system is generally sufficient. With the availability of these new and more efficient systems comes the responsibility of understanding not only how they operate, but also how they align or fail to align with codes and design standards established by school districts, cities, counties, and state-mandated codes.”